Profilbild Prof. Dr. Karl Fuchs

Prof. Dr. Karl Fuchs

  • Group: Emeritus
Nachruf Prof. Dr. Karl Fuchs
Obituary Prof. Dr. Karl Fuchs

Prof. Dr. Karl Fuchs studied geophysics in Hamburg, London and Clausthal. After employment in the exploration industry (1957-1959), he obtained his PhD in Clausthal on seismic wave propagation (1959-1963). After a postdoctoral period in Clausthal and USA, he moved to the Geophysical Institute of the University of Karlsruhe (TH) in 1965. From 1971 to 1997 he was its director and became emeritus in 1997. Prof. Fuchs did research on seismic wave propagation in the Earth, the structure of the lithosphere, and tectonic stresses. He was a leading geophysicist nationally and internationally, held many honorary positions, and received numerous awards.

Obituary for Karl Fuchs

 

Awards and honorary positions

  • Fellow American Geophysical Union (class of 1986)
  • Fellow Geological Society of London (1989)
  • Honorary Fellow Royal Astronomical Society
  • Member Academia Europaea (Earth and Cosmic Sciences, 1990)
  • Initiator and Speaker CRC 108 (1981-1995)
  • President (1977-1979) and Honorary Member (1992) German Geophysical Society
  • Member Heidelberg Academy of Sciences (1990)
  • Visiting Cox-Professor Stanford University 1990 & 1994
  • Vicepresident European Union of Geosciences
  • President International Lithosphere Program (1985-1990)
  • Initiator EUROPROBE
  • Professor honoris causa University of Bucharest (2002)
  • Karl-Heinrich-Heitfeld-Price German GeoUnion (2002)

Publications


2017
Journal Articles
Nachruf auf Werner Kaminski (1935 - 2017)
Bonjer, K.-P.; Fuchs, K.; Mechie, J.; Prodehl, C.; Ritter, J. R. R.; et al.
2017. Mitteilungen, (2), 45–47 
2016
Presentations
Temporal pore pressure induced stress changes during injection and depletion
Müller, B.; Schilling, F.; Fuchs, K.; Röckel, T.; Heidbach, O.
2016. EGU : European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2016, Vienna, Austria, 17th - 22nd April 2016 
2014
Conference Papers
Corner Stones. The reflectivity method - a success story Presentation at Gerhard-Müller-Symposium in 2003 at Neustadt. (slightly modified from Fuchs, 2004)
Fuchs, K.
2014. 50 Years Geophysical Institute Karlsruhe, 1964 to 2014 - Expectations and Surprises. Ed.: C. Prodehl, 18–22, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) 
Corner Stones. Reflections on Stephan Mueller’s Talents Address at the opening of the 1st Stephan Mueller Conference (slightly modified from Fuchs, 2002)
Fuchs, K.
2014. 50 Years Geophysical Institute Karlsruhe, 1964 to 2014 - Expectations and Surprises. Ed.: C. Prodehl, 13–17, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) 
Books
50 Years Geophysical Institute Karlsruhe, 1964 to 2014 - Expectations and Surprises
Bohlen, T.; Bonjer, K.-P.; Forbriger, T.; Fuchs, K.; Gottschämmer, E.; et al.
2014. (C. Prodehl, Ed.), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Full textFull text of the publication as PDF document 
Book Chapters
Corner Stones. Geophysical Patterns - Traces of Deep Processes Farewell Lecture, Faculty of Physics, Karlsruhe, 28. January 1998
Fuchs, K.
2014. 50 Years Geophysical Institute Karlsruhe, 1964 to 2014 - Expectations and Surprises. Ed.: C. Prodehl, 23–35, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) 
Expectations, Surprises, Serendipity - Scientific Achievements of the Geophysical Institute after the first 25 years. Presidential address on behalf of the 25th anniversary on 10 September 1989
Fuchs, K.
2014. 50 Years Geophysical Institute Karlsruhe, 1964 to 2014 - Expectations and Surprises. Ed.: C. Prodehl, 3–11, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) 
2009
Book Chapters
The Great Earthquake of Lisbon 1755 and Aceh 2004 Shook the World. Seismologists’ Societal Responsibility
Fuchs, K.
2009. The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake - Revisited. Ed.: L. A. Mendes-Victor, 43–64, Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8609-0_4 
2008
Journal Articles
The World Stress Map
Heidbach, O.; Wenzel, F.; Fuchs, K.; Müller, B.; Reinecker, J.; et al.
2008. Episodes: Journal of International Geoscience, 30 (3), 197–202 
2007
Journal Articles
World Stress Map Published
Heidbach, O.; Wenzel, F.; Müller, B.; Fuchs, K.; Reinecker, J.; et al.
2007. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 88 (47), 504 
Plate boundary forces are not enough: Second- and third-order stress patterns highlighted in the World Stress Map database
Heidbach, O.; Wenzel, F.; Reinecker, J.; Tingay, M.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
2007. Tectonics, 26 (6), TC6014 
2004
Journal Articles
Stress Maps in a Minute: The 2004 World Stress Map Release
Heidbach, O.; Barth, A.; Connolly, P.; Fuchs, K.; Müller, B.; et al.
2004. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 85 (49), 521–529. doi:10.1029/2004EO490001 
2003
Book Chapters
Tectonic stress in the earth`s crust: advances in the World Stress Map project
Sperner, B.; Mueller, B.; Heidbach, O.; Delvaux, D.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
2003. New insights in structural interpretation and modelling. Ed.: D. A. Nieuwland, 101–116, Geological Society 
A new method for smoothing orientated data and its application to stress data
Mueller, B.; Wehrle, V.; Hettel, S.; Sperner, B.; Fuchs, K.
2003. Fracture and in-situ stress characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Ed.: M. S. Ameen, 107–126, Geological Society 
2002
Journal Articles
Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations
Fuchs, K.; Tittgemeyer, M.; Ryberg, T.; Wenzel, F.; Mooney, W.
2002. International geology review, 44 (8), 671–685 
Plate-wide Sn/Pn propagation and a "schlieren" waveguide in the uppermost mantle
Fuchs, K.; Tittgemeyer, M.; Ryberg, T.; Wenzel, F.
2002. EGS Stephan Mueller special publication series, 2, 1–23 
2001
Journal Articles
World Stress Map of the Earth: a key to tectonic processes and technological applications
Fuchs, K.; Mueller, B.
2001. Naturwissenschaften, 88 (9), 357–371 
2000
Journal Articles
On the nature of Pn
Tittgemeyer, M.; Wenzel, F.; Fuchs, K.
2000. J. of geophys. res. B 105 (2000) S. 16.173 
Books
Erdbeben - Instabilität von Megacities
Fuchs, K.; Wenzel, F.
2000. Berlin 2000. (Schriften der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. 6.) 
1999
Journal Articles
Scales of heterogeneities in the continental crust and upper mantle
Tittgemeyer, M.; Wenzel, F.; Ryberg, T.; Fuchs, K.
1999. Pure and appl. geophys. 156 (1999) S. 29-52 
Book Chapters
Wachsendes Erdbebenrisiko als Herausforderung für Wissenschaft, Technik und Gesellschaft im 21. Jahrhundert
Fuchs, K.
1999. In: Tagungsband. Symposium Naturkatastrophen in Mittelgebirgsregionen, Karlsruhe 1999. S. 10-11 
1998
Journal Articles
Calibration of seismograph network may meet test ban treaty’s monitoring needs
Firbas, P.; Fuchs, K.; Mooney, W. D.
1998. EOS, Trans., Amer. Geophys. Union 79 (1998) H. 35 S. 413-416 
1997
Journal Articles
Scattering of teleseismic waves in the lower crust. Observations in the Massif Central, France
Ritter, J. R. R.; Mai, P. M.; Stoll, G.; Fuchs, K.
1997. Physics of the earth and planetary interiors, 104 (1-3), 127–146. doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(97)00046-0 
Estimation of the complete stress tensor to 8 km depth in the KTB scientific drill holes: implications for crustal strength
Brudy, M.; Zoback, M. D.; Fuchs, K.; Rummel, F.; Baumgaertner, J.
1997. J. of geophys. res. B 102 (1997) S. 18.453-18.475 
An integrated model for the deep structure of the Chyulu Hills volcanic field, Kenya
Novak, O.; Ritter, J. R. R.; Altherr, R.; Byrne, G. F.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1997. Tectonophysics, 278 (1-4), 187–209 
The KRISP 94 lithospheric investigation of southern Kenya - the experiments and their main results
Prodehl, C.; Ritter, J. R. R.; Mechie, J.; Keller, G. R.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1997. Tectonophysics, 278 (1-4), 121–147. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00098-X 
Scattering of teleseismism in the lower crust - observations in Massif Central, France
Ritter, J.; Kempter, R.; Stoll, G.; Fuchs, K.
1997. Physics of the earth and planetary interiors, 104 (1-3), 127–146 
Book Chapters
Elastic properties of crust and upper mantle - a new view
Wenzel, F.; Fuchs, K.; Enderle, U.; Tittgemeyer, M.
1997. In: Proceedings. 30th International Geological Congress. Vol. 4: Structure of the lithosphere and deep processes. 1997. S. 31-43 
Small-scale heterogeneities of the upper mantle
Wenzel, F.; Fuchs, K.; Tittgemeyer, M.; Ryberg, T.
1997. In: Upper mantle heterogeneities from active and passive seismology. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Dordrecht 1997. S. 215-224. (NATO ASI series. Ser. 1, Vol. 17.) 
Observation of teleseismic Psub(n)/Ssub(n) on super long-range profiles in northern Eurasia and their implications for the structure of the lithosphere
Tittgemeyer, M.; Ryberg, T.; Fuchs, K.; Wenzel, F.
1997. In: Upper mantle heterogeneities from active and passive seismology. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Dordrecht 1997. S. 63-74. (NATO ASI series. Ser. 1, Vol. 17.) 
Major features of the mantle velocity structure beneath northern Eurasia from long-range seismic recordings of peaceful nuclear explosion
Mechie, J.; Egorkin, A. V.; Solodilov, L.; Fuchs, K.; Lorenz, F.; et al.
1997. In: Upper mantle heterogeneities from active and passive seismology. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Dordrecht 1997. S. 33-50. (NATO ASI series. Ser. 1, Vol. 17.) 
Conservation of lithospheric DSS-data
Fuchs, K.; Wenzel, F.
1997. In: Upper mantle heterogeneities from active and passive seismology. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Dordrecht 1997. S. 11-32. (NATO ASI series. Ser. 1, Vol. 17.) 
Styles of continental rifting: crust-mantle detachment and mantle plumes
Zeyen, H.; Sobolev, S.; Volker, F.; Fuchs, K.; Altherr, R.; et al.
1997. In: Structure and dynamic processes in the lithosphere of the Afro-Arabian rift system. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Amsterdam 1997. S. 329-352. (Tectonophysics. 278,1/4.) 
Synopsis SFB 108 - Stress and stress release in the lithosphere
Fuchs, K.
1997. In: Stress and stress release in the lithosphere. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Amsterdam 1997. S. 1-14. (Tectonophysics. 275,1/3.) 
The lithosphere beneath the Afro-Arabian rift system
Prodehl, C.; Fuchs, K.; Mechie, J.
1997. In: Structure and dynamic processes in the lithosphere of the Afro-Arabian rift system. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Amsterdam 1997. S. 1-13. (Tectonophysics. 278,1/4.) 
Analysis of borehole televiewer measurements in the Vorotilov drillhole, Russia - first results
Huber, K.; Fuchs, K.; Schmitt, D.; et al.
1997. In: Stress and stress release in the lithosphere. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Amsterdam 1997. S. 261-272. (Tectonophysics. 275,1/3.) 
Short-scale variations of tectonic regimes in the western European stress province north of the Alps and Pyrenees
Mueller, B.; Wehrle, V.; Zeyen, H.; Fuchs, K.
1997. In: Stress and stress release in the lithosphere. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Amsterdam 1997. S. 199-220. (Tectonophysics. 275,1/3.) 
Scales of structure in the lithosphere - images of processes
Enderle, U.; Tittgemeyer, M.; Itzin, M.; Prodehl, C.; Fuchs, K.
1997. In: Stress and stress release in the lithosphere. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Amsterdam 1997. S. 165-198. (Tectonophysics. 275,1/3.) 
Upper mantle temperatures and lithosphere- asthenosphere system beneath the French Massif Central constrained by seismic, gravity, petrologic and thermal observations
Sobolev, S.; Zeyen, H.; Granet, M.; Stoll, G.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1997. In: Stress and stress release in the lithosphere. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Amsterdam 1997. S. 143-164. (Tectonophysics. 275,1/3.) 
The deep crust of the Southern Rhine Graben: reflectivity and seismicity as images of dynamic processes
Mayer, G.; Mai, P. M.; Plenefisch, T.; Echtler, H.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1997. In: Stress and stress release in the lithosphere. Ed.: K. Fuchs. Amsterdam 1997. S. 15-40. (Tectonophysics. 275,1/3.) 
1996
Journal Articles
Upper mantle temperatures from teleseismic tomography of French Massif Central including effects of composition, mineral reactions, anharmonicity, anelasticity and partial melt
Sobolev, S.; Zeyen, H.; Stoll, G.; Werling, F.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1996. Earth planet. sci. let. 139 (1996) S. 147-163 
The lower crust characterized as a band-limited medium - teleseismic coda analysis, in correspondence with wide-angle and near vertical reflection data
Mai, P. M.; Ritter, J. R. R.; Fuchs, K.
1996. Eos : Transactions, 77 (46), 469 
Wave propagation in a strongly scattering upper mantle - observations and modelling
Tittgemeyer, M.; Wenzel, F.; Fuchs, K.; Ryberg, T.
1996. Geophys. j. int. 127 (1996) S. 492-502 
2D-velocity structure beneath northern Eurasia derived from the super long-range seismic profile
Ryberg, T.; Wenzel, F.; Mechie, J.; Egorkin, A.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1996. BSSA 86 (1996) S. 857-867 
Seismic anisotropy within the uppermost mantle of Southern Germany
Enderle, U.; Mechie, J.; Sobolev, S.; Fuchs, K.
1996. Geophys. j. int. 125 (1996) S. 747-767 
1995
Journal Articles
Seismic images illustrate the deep roots of the Chyulu Hills volcanic area, Kenya
Ritter, J.; Fuchs, K.; Kaspar, T.; Lange, F.; Nyambok, I.; et al.
1995. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 76 (28), 273–278. doi:10.1029/95EO00164 
Observation of high-frequency teleseismic Psub(n) waves on the long-range Quartz profile across Northern Eurasia
Ryberg, T.; Fuchs, K.; Egorkin, A.; Solodilov, L.
1995. J. of geophys. res. B 100 (1995) S. 18.151-18.163 
Massif Central (France): new constraints on the geodynamical evolution from teleseismic tomography
Granet, M.; Stoll, G.; Dorel, J.; Achauer, U.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1995. Geophys. j. int. 121 (1995) S. 33-48 
Finite element modelling of pull-apart basin formation
Goelke, M.; Cloetingh, S.; Fuchs, K.
1995. Tectonophys. 240 (1994) S. 45-58 
Book Chapters
Wave propagation in the heterogeneous lower crust - finite difference calculations
Karrenbach, M.; Ritter, J.; Fuchs, K.
1995. Stanford Exploration Project, Report No. 80, 549–574, Stanford University 
1994
Journal Articles
The East African rift system in the light of KRISP 90
Keller, G. R.; Prodehl, C.; Mechie, J.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1994. Tectonophys. 236 (1994) S. 465-483 
Rifting of the continents: a key-project of the international lithosphere program
Fuchs, K.; Nyambok, I. O.; Thompson, G. A.
1994. Tectonophys. 236 (1994) S. 1-2 
Interpretation of anomalies in observed stress data at the Central Graben (North Sea) - numerical and analytical approach
Spann, H.; Müller, B.; Fuchs, K.
1994. Soil dyn. & earthquake engng. 13 (1994) S. 1-11 
The relationship between seismic velocity, mineral composition and temperature and pressure in the upper mantle - with an application to the Kenya Rift and its eastern flank
Mechie, J.; Fuchs, K.; Altherr, R.
1994. Tectonophys. 236 (1994) S. 453-464 
Upper-crustal strength inferred from stress measurements to 6 km depth in the KTB borehole
Zoback, M. D.; Apel, R.; Brudy, M.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1994. Nature 365 (1993) S. 633-635 
1993
Journal Articles
Uniform seismic data recording format explored
Fuchs, K.
1993. EOS 74 (1993) H. 37 S. 241 
Strength of continental crust and the transmission of plate-driving forces: implications of in situ stress measurements in the KTB scientific borehole, Germany
Zoback, M.; Apel, R.; Baumgaertner, J.; Brudy, M.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1993. Nature 365 (1993) S. 633-635 
P-wave mantle velocity structure beneath northern Eurasia from long-range recordings along the profile QUARTZ
Mechie, J.; Egorkin, A.; Fuchs, K.; Tyberg, T.; Solodilov, L.; et al.
1993. Phys. of the earth and planet. inter. 79 (1993) S. 269-286 
Fluid reservoir (?) beneath the KTB drillbit indicated by seismic shear-wave observations
Lueschen, E.; Sobolev, S.; Werner, U.; Soellner, W.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1993. Geophys. res. let. 20 (1993) S. 923-926 
EUROPROBE - auf den Spuren der Geologie des werdenden Europas
Fuchs, K.
1993. Mitt., Dt. Geophys. Ges. 1992 H. 4 S. 6-12 
Book Chapters
Analytical report
Fuchs, K.; Pezard, P.
1993. In: Megascience. The OECD Forum Deep Drilling. Paris 1993. S. 25-58 
1992
Journal Articles
Regional patterns of tectonic stress in Europe
Mueller, B.; Zoback, M.-L.; Fuchs, K.; Mastin, L.; Gregersen, S.; et al.
1992. J. of geophys. res. B 97 (1992) S. 11783-11804 
Calibration of a seismic 3-component reflection-refraction experiment on the exposed lower crust in Calabria (southern Italy)
Lueschen, E.; Nicolich, R.; Cernobori, L.; Fuchs, K.; Kern, H.; et al.
1992. Terra nova 4 (1992) S. 77-86 
1991
Journal Articles
A stress measurement profile to mid-crustal depth in KTB scientific drilling project, southeastern Germany: scientific questions and technological challenges
Fuchs, K.; Zoback, M.; Rummel, F.
1991. Philosph. trans. of the Royal Soc., London A 337 (1991) S. 25-28 
Stress evaluation in offshore regions of Norway
Spann, H.; Brudy, M.; Fuchs, K.
1991. Terra res. 1991 S. 148-152 
Development of seismology and related earth sciences in Africa - IASPEI, ICL and UNESCO join hands
Fuchs, K.; Prodehl, C.
1991. Episodes 13 (1991) S. 275-276 
Stress orientation in the KTB pilot hole determined from wellbore breakouts
Mastin, L.; Heinemann, B.; Krammer, A.; Fuchs, K.; Zoback, M.
1991. Sci. drilling 2 (1991) S. 1-12 
The International Lithosphere Program
Fuchs, K.
1991. Episodes 13 (1990) S. 239-246 
1990
Journal Articles
Global pattern of tectonic stress
Zoback, M. L.; Zoback, M. D.; Bluemling, P.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1990. Nature 341 (1989) Nr. 6240 S. 291-298 
Shear-waves evidence for an anisotropic lower crust beneath the Black Forest, Southwest Germany
Lueschen, E.; Nolte, B.; Fuchs, K.
1990. Tectonophys. 173 (1990) S. 483-493 
A new constraint on the composition of the topmost continental mantle - anomalously different depth increases of P and S velocity
Gajewski, D.; Stangl, R.; Fuchs, K.; Sandmeier, K.-J.
1990. Geophys. j. int. 103 (1990) S. 497-507 
Geosphere fluctuations and global change - opening
Fuchs, K.
1990. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology 9 (1990) S. 181-184 
Books
Spannungs und Spannungsumwandlung in der Lithosphaere
Fuchs, K.; Altherr, R.; Strecker, M.
1990. Mitt. d. Senatskomm. f. Geowiss. Gemeinschaftsforschung Geowiss. 18 (1990) 
Book Chapters
Probing the deep crustal stress field and Brittle-Ductile transition
Zoback, M. L.; Fuchs, K.
1990. In: Beitraege zum 2. KTB-Kolloquium, Giessen 1989. Red.: R. Emmermann. Hannover 1989. S. 323-324. (KTB-Report. 89,3.) 
The structure of the crust in Fennoscandia derived from a joint interpretation of P- and S-wave data of the Fennolora refraction seismic profile
Stangl, R.; Hauser, F.; Fuchs, K.; Prodehl, C.
1990. In: SFB 108 "Spannung und Spannungsumwandlung in der Lithosphaere", Universitaet Karlsruhe. Berichtsband fuer die Jahre 1987-1989. Karlsruhe 1989. S. 411-451 
Evaluation to four-arm-caliper and televiewer measurements in the KTB-well
Fuchs, K.; Bluemling, P.; Mastin, L.; Heinemann, B.
1990. In: Beitraege zum 2. KTB-Kolloquium, Giessen 1989. Red.: R. Emmermann. Hannover 1989. S. 385. (KTB-Report. 89,3.) 
Stress orientation in the North Sea and Fennoscandia - a comparison to the central European stressfield
Clauss, B.; Marquart, G.; Fuchs, K.
1990. In: Earthquakes at North-Atlantic passive margins: neotectonics and postglacial rebound. Proc. of the NATO Advanced Workshop, Vordingborg, Denmark 1988. Ed.: P.W. Basham. 1989. S. 277-287 
Stress orientation in the KTB pilot hole from stress-induced wellbore breakouts
Mastin, L.; Heinemann, B.; Krammer, A.; Fuchs, K.; Zoback, M. D.
1990. In: Beitraege zum 3. KTB-Kolloquium, Giessen 1990. Red.: R. Emmermann. Hannover 1990. S. 239-256. (KTB-Report. 90,4.) 
Preliminary results of breakout analysis below 500 meters depths in the KTB pilot hole
Mastin, L.; Heinemann, B.; Fuchs, K.; Zoback, M. D.
1990. In: Rock at great depth. Ed.: V. Maury. Rotterdam 1990 
Auswertungen der Bohrlochgeometriedaten der KTB-Vorbohrung von 500-4000 m Tiefe: Analyse der Breakout-Orientierungen im Hinblick auf das herrschende Spannungsfeld
Heinemann, B.; Mastin, L.; Fuchs, K.; Zoback, M. D.
1990. In: Grundlagenforschung und Bohrlochgeophysik. Red.: K. Bram. Hannover 1990. Bd. 10. S. 401-432. (KTB-Report. 90,6,a.) 
Scientific deep drilling and geophysical sounding: a mutual scientific challenge to understand the processes shaping the earth’s crust
Fuchs, K.; Hubral, P.
1990. In: Super-deep continental drilling and deep geophysical sounding. Hrsg.: K. Fuchs. Berlin 1990. S. 57-69 
Continental drilling: a key project of the International Lithosphere Program (ILP)
Fuchs, K.
1990. In: Super-deep continental drilling and deep geophysical sounding. Hrsg.: K. Fuchs. Berlin 1990. S. 1-4 
1989
Journal Articles
Global patterns of tectonic stress
Zoback, M. L.; Zoback, M. D.; Adams, J.; Assumpção, M.; Fuchs, K.; et al.
1989. Nature <London>, 341 (6240), 291–298. doi:10.1038/341291a0